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Ziwen (Gary) Zu
Ph.D. candidate in political science, University of California, San Diego
zzu@ucsd.edu
Graduate Researcher, The 21st Century China Center

I am a Ph.D. candidate in Political Science (Computational Social Science) at the University of California, San Diego, and an affiliate of the 21st Century China Center. My research examines how states manage law, information, and markets under authoritarian rule. Using field and survey experiments, administrative data, and computational text and audio analysis, I study how autocrats—especially in China—use legal institutions and professionals to sustain legitimacy while constraining democratization.

My book project, Professional Origins of Authoritarian Rule of Law, explains how legal mobilization emerges under autocracy and how rulers govern through expertise rather than coercion alone. The chapters examine: (1) How governments use lawyers to selectively deliver justice and maintain control; (2) How lawyers consolidate civil society to resist authoritarian constraints; and (3) The effectiveness of citizen and government appeals to lawyers in competing for legal mobilization. Together, the book explores how pro-liberal professional elites function as intermediaries between state and society in authoritarian contexts.

A second line of work investigates: (1) The social and environmental consequences of the U.S.–China trade war; (2) The political influence of legal professionals across countries; and (3) Public opinion, ideology, propaganda, and censorship in China, Japan, and beyond. Across projects, I primarily use field and survey experiments, causal inference, text and audio analysis, and large administrative or historical archives to study political behavior and institutional adaptation under authoritarianism.

My research has been published in Political Analysis (Editors’ Choice 2024) and is under review at Comparative Political Studies and the American Journal of Political Science.

Interests

  • Law and Politics
  • Authoritarian Institutions
  • Chinese and Japanese Politics
  • International Political Economy
  • Ideology, Propaganda, Censorship
  • Computational Social Science and Experiments

Academia

University of California, San Diego
2020 - present
Ph.D. Political Science (Computational Social Science)
Duke University
2018 - 2020
M.A. Political Science
Sun Yat-Sen University
2014 - 2018
B.A. Public Administration

Publications and Revise Resubmits

Fiscal Origin of Selective Enforcement: Evidence from China’s Administrative Penalties, 2025, R&R at American Journal of Political Science
Ziwen Zu , Shengqiao Lin
Trade-offs in Authoritarian Civic Participation: Evidence from China’s Participatory Digital Surveillance, 2025, R&R at Comparative Political Studies
Ziwen Zu
How Much Should We Trust Instrumental Variable Estimates in Political Science: Practical Advice Based on 67 Replicated Studies, 2024, Political Analysis
Ziwen Zu , Apoorva Lal , Mackenzie Lockhart , Yiqing Xu

Working Papers

Justice as Political Control: Field Experiment on China’s Legal Aid Hotlines. (JMP)
Promoting Rule of Law in an Autocracy: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Rural China
Repression and Cooptation in Autocratic Judiciary: Field Experiment with Chinese Lawyers
Rule of Law without Democracy? Experimental Evidence from China
Why Mercantilism? Preferences for Trade Surplus and Mercantilist Policies (with Yujin Zhang)
Distributional Consequences of Leader Turnover: Evidence from China’s Public Procurement